Problem with this theory is that it's not taking into account what the artists were designing their art to be. Not every circle is meant to be a proper circle in the end-- sometimes there's a mix of PAR (Pixel Aspect Ratio) art and 4:3 in the same SCENE much less the same game: For instance, Chrono Trigger has mostly 4:3 artwork, but the moon seen behind Magus's Tower is actually 8:7 PAR.

I'd argue that in the end the whole game was meant to be seen by players on a 4:3 display, and thus 4:3 is "always" the correct answer for NES/SNES.. but your mileage may vary considerably.

I think the one thing I CAN have a hardline stance on is that stretching out 4:3 to 16:9 completely and absolutely distorts the intended look of the4 game and is ill-advised.

That said, there's one fly in the ointment. Systems like the TRS-80 Color Computer had a massive block of overscan that's visible by default on all displays. How MUCH of that overscan is visible depends on the display you're using (different TV plus different H/V size knob settings) and so actually working out what the correct display is and should be.. is a LOT harder and will vary a lot across different software on the same system. I'm not sure that just picking an aspect ratio per-game is correct; most users didn't exactly go and recalibrate their TV for each game they were playing, they'd pick a good baseline and live with it unless something was offscreen and thus required adjustment.

One thing I see in this article is a very common blunder in dealing with images from these types of retro systems - non-integer vertical scaling. For accurate reproduction of these types of CRT raster images from an aspect ratio perspective, integer vertical scaling should always be done, followed by interpolated horizontal scaling to reach the correct aspect ratio.

Why? The original display method never blended across scanlines (except in the PAL world, where chroma only would blend across two otherwise discrete scanlines), but the analog nature of the scanning process provided a natural horizontal blending.

Not to dismiss the thought that's been put into this, but the aspect ratio of the image (display aspect ratio) is almost always the wrong way to approach this. Retro computers typically have a limited number of dot clocks and video timings compared to the frame sizes that they can support. The Atari 8-bit, for example, supports only a single pair of horizontal and vertical refresh timings, but is very flexible regarding how wide and tall the display is. If you try to estimate aspect ratios based on the image area, you'll get lots of variance because many games deviate from the 320x192 area that the operating system uses.

On top of that, it's a mistake to assume that the original images had squares. With a small number of pixels per tile and both an aesthetic and efficiency requirement for the tiles to be uniform, it's highly likely that what look like squares actually weren't -- they could only get so close with the available resolution. I see a lot of people try to guess aspect ratios based on what they think the art was intended to look like, and on multiple occasions have had to boot games on original hardware and contemporary displays to prove that, no, what looked like a circle was actually slightly elliptical.

The correct way to approach this is by starting from the pixel dot clock and video timings to determine pixel aspect ratio and work backward to display aspect ratio. This also reveals another typical sign that aspect ratios are being determined wrong -- when significantly different pixel aspect ratios are determined for multiple systems that all supported NTSC artifacting colors, like the Apple II and the Atari. Supporting NTSC artifacting means NTSC-compatible timings and a dot clock that is an integer multiple of the color subcarrier, which means similar pixel aspect ratios.

Gridrunner: Grid cells should be square. It's the law. Verdict: Square pixels.

Jeff Minter has done a few remakes of this game over the years. One of the more recent ones (1) includes direct ports of the Vic20 and C64 versions as an option. They are very emphatically not using square pixels.

1: Minotaur Arcade vol 1, https://store.steampowered.com/app/906110/Minotaur_Arcade_Vo... - sadly there’s no photos of the retro modes in the Steam page.

Sadly, Firefox on Android in portrait squashes all the example pictures, rendering the page pretty useless. :(

Funny, on mobile safari the site squeezes all screenshots horizontally so they still fit 3 per line. Any impression of the aspect ratio is gone unless you open them one at a time.

Personally I think Bruce Lee is a cool looking game. Like a playable diorama.

And with Macintosh web though the CRT was about 8.5" x 6.25" (1.36:1) the recommended active area (according to period repair guides) was 7.11" x 4.75", so yeah, pretty much exactly 1.5:1.

(in ancient systems)

To me it looks like square pixels amount to what the artists intended their work to look like. Come on, how do you imagine settler's wagons to look like? The moons? Also the grass with crt-royale looks absolutely rubbish to me.